computer and its language

 

Chp-1    Computer and its Language

COMPUTER:- Computer is an electronic machine or device that takes input from user and then process it then gives output.

Ø  It is a combination of hardware and software.

Ø   There are following category of computer such as:-

§  Super computer

§  Mainframe computer

§  Minicomputer  computer

§  Micro computer

v  Super computer:- A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS).

Ø  PARAM 2000 and ANURAG..etc are the  example of super computer.

 

v  Mainframe computer:-   Mainframe computer likes as a big centralized machine that contains the large memory, huge storage space, multiple high grade processors, so it has ultra processing power compare to standard computer systems. So, mainframe computer system’s importance is increasing for large scale organization, scientific research, consumer statistics, and census data...etc.

Ø  IBM, Hitachi, Amdahl, and Unisys are the example of mainframe computer.

 

 

v  Minicomputer:-  A minicomputer is also called as a mid-range computer. Minicomputers are mainly multi-users systems where more than one user can work simultaneously. Mini computer examples: IBM's AS/400e, Honeywell200, TI-990. Minicomputer can support multi-users at a time or you can say that minicomputer is a multiprocessing system.

 

 

v  Microcomputer:-   A microcomputer is a complete computer on a small scale, designed for use by one person at a time.  Microcomputer is now primarily called a personal computer (PC), or a device based on a single-chip microprocessor.

Ø  Modern desktop computers, video game consoles, laptops, tablet PCs, and many types of handheld devices, including mobile phones, pocket calculators, and industrial embedded systems.

 

v  MOBILE:- it is a cellular phone, cell phone  or hand phone .

Ø  It is portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio wave.

Ø  It is wireless phone that allows users to make and receive calls and send text messages  and other features among each other.

 

v  CONSOLE GAME:-  it is a form of interactive multimedia entertainment , consisting of manipulable image.

Ø  It is commonly referred to as video games. They are played on a device specially made for game play called a video game.

 

v  Embedded computer:- it is a microprocessor –based system , specially designed to perform a specific function and belong to a large system.

Ø  It comes with a combination of hardware and software to achieve a unique task.

 

 

v   DATA PROCESSING:- It is the action done by the CPU to execute or complete the task which is requested by user.

Ø  The converting source code into machine code is the part of data processing.

 

v  CPU:-   it stands for Central processing unit.

Ø  It is a brain of a computer.

Ø  It is also called processor.

Ø  It has three functional units such as: 

1.       MU   2.  CU     3.  ALU.

 

v  MU:- it stands for memory unit.

Ø  It receives the data from input device and send to the CU.

Ø  After performing arithmetical or logical task by ALU . result send to the CU and CU send to the MU for execution.

Ø  It stores data either permanently or temporarily.

v  CU:- it stands for control unit.

Ø  It controls entire function of system.

Ø  It also control the input and output device that are connected by CPU.

Ø  It also controls the flow of execution of data.

v  ALU:- it stands for arithmetic-logic unit.

Ø  It performs all arithmetical or logical task.

Ø  Arithmetical task means all mathematical task and local task means all logical tasks like less than(<) , greater than(>) , less than equal to (<=) , greater than equal to (>=) etc.

 

v  GENERATION OF LANGUAGE:-   

There are five generation of language such as:

1.       First generation of language:- in this generation of language , an information written in the form of binary code where 0, 1 are known as binary code.

Ø  In this generation there is no need of language translator to convert one language to another language.

Ø  In this generation computer performs task very fast.

Ø  Machine language is an example of low level language.

 

 

2.       Second generation of language:- in this generation of language , an information written in mnemonics code. Where mnemonics code is a abbreviation word(like ADD, SUB,  MIULT, DIV...etc).

Ø  In this generation , A computer needs language translator to convert assembly language to machine code. A language written in mnemonics code is known as assembly language.

Ø  Assembly language is an example of low level language.

 

3.       Third generation of language of language:- A language written in the form of alphabetical character is known as high level language.

Ø  In this generation any user can operate computer in easily way.

Ø  In this generation A computer required a language translator to convert high level language to machine language.

Ø  C++, c..etc are the example of high level language.

Ø  Compiler or interpreter is used as a language translator.

 

4.       Forth generation of language:- A language that written in human language is known as forth generation of language.

Ø  In this generation of language , A computer required also a language translator to convert human language in to machine language.

Ø  Compiler or interpreter is used as a language translator.

Ø  Perl, PHP, python java..etc are the example of forth generation of language.

Ø  This generation of language is used to database programming.

 

5.       Fifth generation of language:- this generation of language are the programming language that contains visual tools to help develop a program.

Ø  Mercury , prolog , OPS5 are the example of fifth generation of language.

Ø  In this generation A language translator is also required to convert one language to another language.

 

 

 

CHAPTER -2    COMPUTER VIRUS

 

VIRUS:- it is a type of malicious code or program written to alter the function of computer.

Ø  It damaged the operating system of computer.

Ø  It spread through network or storage devices like pendrive , CD ,floppy disk.... etc.

Ø  In other word we can say that virus is a malicious software program loaded onto a computer   without user’s knowledge.

There are following types of virus such as:-

1.       Boot sector virus.

2.       Program file virus.

3.       Trojan horse virus.

4.       Worms

5.       Spyware

6.       Spam

 

|  Boot sector virus:- This type of virus infects the master boot record and damaged the function of Booting of computer.

Ø  it damaged the BIOS  function.

Ø  Michelangelo and Stoned are the example of boot sector virus.

|  Program file virus:- This type of virus infects the program file.

Ø  It deleted and corrupt the file and folder also.

Ø  It is also comes with the help of email , or storage device like CD or pendrive.

Ø  Jerusalem and Cascade are the example of program file virus.

|  Trojan Horse:- it is a type of malicious program or code that entered in to your system and send all important information to the miscreant without user consent.

Ø  It actives while user getting entertainment on your computer.

Ø  Trojan-D-Dos is the example of Trojan horse virus.

|  Worms :- it is a malicious software that entered into your computer and replicates itself.

Ø  It decreases the storage capacity of memory and corrupt also.

Ø  MSBlast , Michelangelo ... etc are the famous example of worms.

 

|  Spyware :-  it is a type of malware that aims to gather information about a person or organization , without user knowledge and send to the hacker.

Ø  It is a one of the most common threats to internet users.

Ø  Once installed , it monitors internet activity , tracks login credential and sensitive information.

Ø  Its primary goal of spyware is usually to obtain credit card numbers, banking information and passwords.

Ø  It is difficult to detect  often the first indication a user has that a computing device has been infected with spyware is a noticeable reduction in processor or network connection speeds.

 

|  Spam :- it is an unsolicited message to large numbers of recipients for the purpose of commercial advertising.

Ø  It is an unwanted emails which is sent by unknown persons in my email accounts.

Ø  Who sends the spam is known as spammer.

SYMPTOM OF VIRUSES

 

There are following symptom of viruses such as:-

Ø  Your computer slows down without any reason.

Ø  Your computer system has less available memory than it should.

Ø  Unknown programs or files are being created.

Ø  Programs or files becomes missing.

Ø  Viruses can be corrupt the file.

Ø  Your computer restart in unusual ways.

Ø  Changed hard Drive name or volume name.

 

HOW TO PREVENT FROM COMPUTER VIRUSES

 

There are following steps to prevent from computer viruses such as-

Ø  We should use strong password for any account on internet as well as of your devices also.

Ø  Keep everything  up to date.

Ø  We should always use antivirus software.

Ø  Use a firewall software.

Ø  You should install a popup blocker.

Ø  You should always beware of email phishing Scams.

Ø  You should not install unknown software in to your device.

Ø  Do not click on unknown link which is sent into your message box of your mobile phone.

 

                                      

 

CHAPTER 3

SPREADSHEET

 

Spreadsheet :- it is an electronic document in which data is arranged in the rows and columns of a grid  and can be manipulated and used in calculation.

Ø  It is a computer application for organization ,analysis and storage of data in tabular form.

Ø  Ms excel is the example of spreadsheet software.

 

 

Features of spreadsheet package

 

 

There are following features of spreadsheet package:-

è It helps in handle bulk volume of data.

è Any complex calculation can be done in easily way.

è We can export and import the data from one destination to other in easily way and accurately.

è The data can be display by  chart or  graph.

è The data can be arranged either ascending or descending order.

 

 

Workbook:- it consists one or more spreadsheet and standard tools in a single file.

 

Cell:- it is a rectangular box that are formed by the intersection of rows and columns.

Ø  We enter the value in cells.

 

Cell pointer :- A black border around the current cell is called cell pointer.

Cell Address :- An address of the cell is called cell address.

Ø  It is combination of number of rows and name of column( like A2) where ‘A’ is name of column and ‘2’ is number of row.

Auto fill handle tool:- it is tool of spreadsheet that fill the predefined data in to cells.

Active cell:- A cell pointer is appeared in those cell then that cell is known as active cell.

Name box:- it is an area where name of cell is appeared.

Formula bar :- it is an area where formula is displayed.

Title bar :- it is the top most part of the spreadsheet package where name of spreadsheet is displayed.

Note :- by default there are three sheet is appeared in ms –excel (spreadsheet package).

 

How to create file in spreadsheet package.

Ø  First of all double click on ms-excel application icon or other spreadsheet software.

Ø  Enter your data in to cells and do some formatting on data.

Ø  After that goes to file option or press shortcut button ‘ctrl + S’.

Ø  Type the name of file in opened dialog box.

Ø  And finally click on save button.

 

HOW TO MERGE THE CELLS

Ø  First of all select the cells whatever you merge.

Ø  Goto  “merge & centre” option and click on it.

 How to delete the rows and columns

Ø  First of all select the desired rows or columns which to be delete.

Ø  After that press right button of your mouse and click on delete option.

 

HOW TO INSERT ROWS AND COLUMNS

Ø  First of all select any rows and column.

Ø  After that press right click from your mouse and select insert rows or column option and click on it.

HOW to rotate  the text inside the cell

Ø  First of all select the cells in which text is rotated.

Ø  After that click on rotate option.

HOW TO UNMERGE  THE CELLS

Ø  First of all select the merged cell

Ø  After that go to “merge & centre” option and click on it.

How to align the text inside the cell

Ø  First of all select the cells in which text is to be align.

Ø  After that go to align option like (left  align , right align , centre align , top align , middle align , bottom align ) and click on it.

 

 

 

 

Exercise question answers of chapter -2

 

 

 

1.       Q. what is malware ?

Ans :- it is a made up of two word first mal which means malicious and second ware which means software. Hence it is a malicious software that infects our system.

 

2.       Q. How boot sector virus infects the computer?

Ans:- This type of virus infects a storage device’s master boot record of hard disks. During start-up the infected code runs when system is booted and gets loaded to the computer’s memory. 

3.       Q. What is program file virus ? how does it infects the executable files ?

Ans :-  This type of virus infects the program file.

Ø  It deleted and corrupt the file and folder also.

Ø  It is also comes with the help of email , or storage device like CD or pendrive.

Ø  Jerusalem and Cascade are the example of program file virus.

                                 

As we know that program file always infects the executable means .exe  files by inserting special code into some part of the original file so that the malicious data can be executed when file is accessed.

4.       Q. Explain the  symptoms of virus infection in computer ?

Ans :- There are following symptom of viruses infection such as:-

Ø  Your computer slows down without any reason.

Ø  Your computer system has less available memory than it should.

Ø  Unknown programs or files are being created.

Ø  Programs or files becomes missing.

Ø  Viruses can be corrupt the file.

Ø  Your computer restart in unusual ways.

Ø  Changed hard Drive name or volume name.

 

5.       Q. Explain common ways to prevent virus infection ?

Ans :- There are following way to prevent from  viruses infection such as-

Ø  We should use strong password for any account on internet as well as of your devices also.

Ø  Keep everything  up to date.

Ø  We should always use antivirus software.

Ø  Use a firewall software.

Ø  You should install a popup blocker.

Ø  You should always beware of email phishing Scams.

Ø  You should not install unknown software in to your device.

Ø  Do not click on unknown link which is sent into your message box of your mobile phone.

 

 

 

 

4. write short notes on :-

(a). Master boot record    (b) Trojan horse    (c)  Spyware

 

Ans :- (a). Master boot record :-   it is a special type of boot sector at the very beginning of partitioned computer mass storage devices like fixed disks or removable drives intended for use with IBM PC – compatible systems and  beyond. The concept of MBRs was publicly introduced in 1983 with PC DOS 2.0.

 

(b)  Trojan Horse:- it is a type of malicious program or code that entered in to your system and send all important information to the miscreant without user consent.

Ø  It actives while user getting entertainment on your computer.

Ø  Trojan-D-Dos is the example of Trojan horse virus.

 

(c) Spyware :-    it is a type of malware that aims to gather information about a person or organization , without user knowledge and send to the hacker.

Ø  It is a one of the most common threats to internet users.

Ø  Once installed , it monitors internet activity , tracks login credential and sensitive information.

Ø  Its primary goal of spyware is usually to obtain credit card numbers, banking information and passwords.

 

CHAPTER -3 question answer

 

5.  Q. Ans-There are following components of worksheet such as-

1.       Spreadsheet

2.       Cell

3.       Row

4.       Column

5.       Function

6.       Range

 

Spreadsheet:- it is an electronic document in which data is arranged in the rows and columns of a grid  and can be manipulated and used in calculation.

Cell:- it is a rectangular box that are formed by the intersection of rows and columns.

Row:- it is a horizontal line in spreadsheet page.

Column :- it is a vertical line in spreadsheet page.

Function :- it is a combination of operator , symbol and values that perform particular task.

Range :- it denotes the series of cells. To indicate the range in cell then we use colon symbol(“:”).

 

Q.(d) briefly explain about the “Auto Fill” feature with an example.

Ans :- it is a feature of spreadsheet package that fill the predefine series of values in the cells.

Ø  When we need to fill month name , week name , table then that time we use this features.

Worksheet:- it is a combination of two word work and sheet where it means that A sheet of paper on which work is performed.

1Q. a. = or +

b.      Average

c.       Arithmetic operator

d.      Left to right

e.      Rows and columns

f.        Minimum

3.       (a) Max() function is used to find the maximum value from given argument of the cell.

Where as min() function is used to find the minimum value from given argument of the cell.

       (b) Sum() function is used to find the addition of given argument of the cell.

Where as average() function is used to find the average value from given value of the cells.

4.       Formula :- it is a combination of cell address and operators as well as symbols which is used to find the particular value.

Ø  There are two category of formula in excel such as:

1.       Formula with cell address.

2.       Formula with cell name.

1.       Formula with cell address:- This type of formula is created by the helps of cell address. Eg.- =A5+B6 

2.       Formula with cell name:- This type of formula is created by the helps of cell name.

E.g.- =rohan + Aryan

 

 

v  Autosum :- This is a formula for finding total sum at a time of the given value of the cell. It is a predefined tool of the ms excel.

 

Sorting :- The process of arranging data either in ascending or descending order is known as sorting.

There are two ways to sort the data –

1.       Ascending order

2.       Descending order

v  To sort the data in ascending order :-

Ø  First of all select the all data in given range of the cells.

Ø  And click on sort tool option in standards tool bar.

 

v  To sort the data in descending order :-

Ø  First of all select the all data in given range of the cells.

Ø  And click on sort tool option in standards tool bar.

 

 

5.       A. Sum() function.

B. yes

 

 

Q. HOW TO INSTALL ANY SOFTWARE?

Ø  First of all right click on exe file and select open option and click on it.

Ø  After that check the condition in dialogue box and click on “next” or “agree” option.

Ø  After that click on “install” option.

Ø  At last click on finish option.

 

CLS statement:- it stands for clear screen. It is used to clear output screen.

END statement :- it is used to end the program.

PRINT statement :- it is used to print the value.

INPUT statement :- it is used to take the input from user.

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