INTERNET

 

¯ It is an interconnected wide area network of millions of computers that are linked together around the world which share information in the form of data, graphics , sound , software , text, etc instantly as and when required.

¯ It is an international network .

¯ It is a global network.

¯ It is a network of network.

¯ It is also known as wide area network(WAN).

 

HISTORY OF INTERNET

 

►In 1960 the ARPA (advance research project agency) had been planned to create  computer network so that we can share data in easily.

► Later in 1969 ARPA create a network by connecting four computer which is known as ARPANET( advance research project agency network).

►By 1970’s ARPA helped in the development of a new protocol known as TCP\IP (transmission control protocol/internet protocol) for transferring and tracking of data between the networks so that they can reach the destination end safely.

►By 1980’s another federal agency of US named as National Science Foundation(NSF) used ARPANET to connect its five regional supercomputer centres located at different universities so that their multiple user could share the resources among themselves.  Later, NSF created a more sophisticated network called NSFNET(National Science Foundation Network) which was a series of network that was utilized for research and development.

►The link between ARPANET  and NSFNET and other network was termed as internet. The process of connecting separate network to each other is called interconnecting.

►In 1990 ARPANET lost its existence and government discontinued funding to NSFNET in 1995 and the commercial internet services replaced them.

 

Web browser:-it is an application software.

Ø   It is used to accessed the web page.

Ø   Opera , safari, google chrome ..etc are the example of web browser. 

Web page:- it is an electronic page that exist on internet.

Ø It contains all information related to their web site.

Ø The first page of any web site is known as home page.

Web site:- it is a collection of two or more web pages.

Ø It is a combination of two word first web which means internet and second site which means place. So , we can say that it is place on internet.

Ø Any web site is accessed by unique name which is known as web address.

CHP-3- SERVICES ON INTERNET

SEARCH ENGINE:- it is an information retrieval tool that helps to find any type of information that exist on internet.

è      It is a program of web browser that helps to search anything on internet.

è      There are two category of search engine:

(1)           Directory based

(2)           Keyword based

 

1.   Directory based search engine:- it enables to search for information by selecting categories of a subject matter.

è      The directory separates subjects into general categories  which are divided into sub categories. Once categories is selected the directory displays a list of web sites that provide contents related to that subject.

è      www.looksmart.com , www.yahoo.com, www.dmoz.com ..etc are the example of directory based search engine.

 

2.   Keyword based search engine:- it helps to search information when related words for required information are typed.

è      The engine displays a list of web pages that contains information related to the typed words.

è      It is more useful for searching about topics that do not occur under general subjects or categories.

è      When a user submits few words related to the information to the search engine, it starts searching for that information to match the web pages related to the users information and then displays the list of the websites  that matches the search criteria.

è      This types of search engines are also called index based search engine.

è      www.google.com , www.bing.com , www.altavista.com.. Etc are the example of keyword based search  engine.

 

How does the search engine work

è      A search engine must have a very strong database for which the search engines use powerful programs called spider or web crawler that keeps on crawling on the web to catch any newly published web page or document and finds their web address.

è      The documents and their web address are sent to the indexing tool which stores it in a database.

è      It also prepares an index so that the information can be retrieved quickly from the database.

è      When the users enters the keywords or query then the search engine weeds through millions of web pages and the search software searches its database with the help of index and displays the matching documents or links.

 

 

SUGGESTED TIPS FOR USING A SEARCH ENGINE

1.   Be specific , use synonyms and use lower case letter.

2.   Avoid using common words , like computer, internet.. etc as these words are too general hence the search engine will display thousands of matching web pages.

3.   We can use also Boolean operators ( AND /OR/NOT) in queries to get  better searching result. Eg- computer AND advantage.

4.   To search information on the basis of words or a phrase or a title enclose within double quotes( like  “what is computer”).

5.   Use wild cards like asterisk(*)  to search for related words without entering the full word. E.g- comp*

6.   We should use +,  - , signs as they indicate that web page must or must not include the keyword to be relevant. For example- + Ranchi + university – technical.

 

NOTE:-  Google, Bing , AltaVista , Yahoo , HotBot,  Excite are the example of search engine.

 

 

VIDEO CONFRENCING:-  video conferencing is a way of communication in which two or more persons residing at far off places can interact with each others if they are in face to face conversation.

 

è      The following five elements required for video conferencing:-

1. Video input:- video camera , web cam , mobile camera

2. Video output:- computer monitor , television or projector.

3. Audio input:- microphone , Mic.

4. Audio output:- speakers or earphone associated with the display device.

Network:- internet , LAN , digital telephone network.

 

 

** Downloading:- it refers to transfer of file from a remote computer to the host computer.

è      FTP helps to make a directory on a computer connected to the internet and to transfer a file from that directory on other computer on net.

 

**Uploading:- it refers to the transfer of file from the host computer to a remote computer/ server.

è      Uploading files is usually not possible with anonymous   FTP.

è      Anonymous FTP is used primarily to help in downloading a particular directory of files. Anyone can downloading the file from the directory but only the administrator can upload the files to the directory.

 

 

**E-learning:- it refers to the application of internet media in the field of education and learning.

è      Here E- means electronic and learning means study. So by using this facility one can study from far destination and at any time.

è       Internet provides educational information on various topics. Now a days , computers are widely used in the field of education.

è      It facilitates conduction of different courses through distance learning programme being provided by different universities like IGNOU, SMU, PTU ..etc.

è      Through e- learning process employees or people at far off places are also benefitted as it helps in taking trainings on system study of an organization.

 

E-Banking:- it refers to the online banking transactions that can be done through a computer on internet from any where.

è      It enables an account holder of a particular bank to do transactions like transfer   of fund to or from other account by oneself on computer.

è      For e-banking the bank provides PIN(personal identification number ).

è      To access the e-banking facility , user has must  login id password.

 

 

NOTE:-  There are two FTP directory:

(1). Anonymous FTP directory:- To access this directory, the user name is always “Anonymous” and the password is always the user’s email address. While connecting to FTP site that allows anonymous logins. Hence while downloading files the users are most likely using an anonymous FTP login.

 

(2). Non-anonymous FTP directory:-  To access this directory , users require a user name and password for FTP directory. Which is provided by the FTP site administrator only .

-> so the users are verified before they can access or transfer files from their computer.

-> To make FTP connection the users use a standard web browser like internet explorer or FTP client software.

 

E-Reservation:-it refers to electronic reservation.

è      It means to purchase rights for the usage of facility for limited period of time.

è      In other word we can say that purchase rights for any location or for a occupancy of a seat for travelling to any corner of the world through internet is known as online reservation or E-Reservation.

 

How to Book a E-Railway Ticket

1.   First of all open your web browser and type IRCTC then search it.

2.   Login your irctc account by inserting user id and password.

3.   Fill the destination name in listed field.

4.   Now click on check availability option.

5.   After that click on  “book now” option in your desired date.

6.   Then fill your required information.

7.   After that pay the fair through credit or debit card.

8.   Finally you got it your e-ticket in your email account.    

 

 

E- GROUP

It refers to the group who are in correspondence with other through internet on the topic of common interest.

è  It is a forum of electronic mailing of different individuals who send mails to each other inside the group.

è  It is a group where people with a shared interest with other through internet.

è  It allows new users to create their own mailing lists and also allow others to signup for membership on the list. It is mainly used to maintain security, by granting access rights .

 

SOCIAL NETWORKING:-

è  Social networking refers to a link of hundreds of people around the world on internet.

è  It is the network of different people who form communities among themselves to share sentiments, relationships, topics , ideas.. etc.

è  It has encouraged new ways of communication between people from different corners of the world. It forms a bigger network when two or more persons in contact start sharing their thoughts or their profiles through internet.

è  Social networking web sites are being used regularly by millions of people. Some of them are: whatsapp, facebook , twiter , skype, linkedin , orkut , myspace..etc.

è  In social networking site a user creates his own profile by uploading information about himself.